Jeder kennt Nackenschmerzen oder jemanden, der vielleicht längere Zeit darunter gelitten hat. Circa 70% der Weltbevölkerung erfährt im Laufe ihres Lebens Nackenschmerzen. 1 Nackenschmerzen ist eine der häufigsten und kostenintensivsten Erkrankungen des Bewegungsapparates in der westlichen Gesellschaft. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass Nackenschmerzen chronisch werden ist relativ hoch und liegt bei 15 – 19%. 2, 3, 4 Trotz der Tatsache, dass Nackenschmerzen komplex sind und immer von vielen Faktoren beeinflusst werden, sind diese meist nicht (lebens-)gefährlich. Zusätzlich haben Nackenschmerzen eine verhältnismäßig hohe Wahrscheinlichkeit auch ohne Therapie wieder zu verschwinden. In den meisten Fällen innerhalb von zwei Monaten. 2
Damit sie im Falle von Nackenschmerzen nun nicht direkt in Panik verfallen, wollen wir auf dieser Seite Näheres dazu anhand neuester wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse erklären, aber auch mit einigen hartnäckigen Mythen rund um dieses Thema aufräumen.

DEFINITION UND KLASSIFIKATION VON NACKENSCHMERZEN
Der Begriff “Nackenschmerzen” ist ein sehr weit gefasster Begriff. Wir sprechen hierbei nicht über Erkrankungen wie Arthrose, Osteoporose oder Sarkopenie (altersbedingter Muskelschwund), bei denen die Ursache der Beschwerden schnell ersichtlich ist. Es umschreibt einen Schmerzort, an dem die Ursachen und Symptome nicht klar abgrenzbar sind. Nackenschmerzen werden dabei in unspezifische Nackenschmerzen und spezifische Nackenschmerzen unterteilt. Unspezifische Nackenschmerzen sind Schmerzen ohne eine strukturelle, anatomische Ursache. Diese betreffen ca. 90% aller Patienten. Die spezifischen Nackenschmerzen werden in Patienten mit neurologischen Symptomen und Nackenschmerzen mit ernsthaften Erkrankungen unterteilt, jedoch trifft dies nur auf einen kleinen Anteil zu. 8

Unspezifisch ohne strukturelle Schädigung – Ca. 90% der Fälle
Der Großteil der Patienten, welche unter Nackenschmerzen leiden entstehen ohne, dass es eine klare anatomische Veränderung gibt welche den Schmerzen verursacht. Auch Röntgen oder MRT und CT-Untersuchungen können zwar Veränderungen aufweisen, jedoch sind diese in den meisten Fällen nicht die ursächlichen Auslöser für den Schmerz, sondern eher altersbedingte Veränderungen. So wie unsere Haut falten bekommt, wenn wir älter werden, verändert sich auch unser Körperinneres. Widerlegt wird diese Begründung damit, dass 90% der Menschen ohne Beschwerden bei denen willkürlich ein MRT durchgeführt wird, die gleichen Veränderungen aufweisen. 9
Spezifisch mit neurologischen Symptomen – Ca. 8 – 9% der Fälle
Diese Patientengruppe gibt an unter Taubheitsgefühl oder teils Muskellähmungen zu leiden. Hierfür können zum Beispiel Irritationen des Nervs oder Bandscheibenvorfälle mit Kompression auf den Nerven verantwortlich sein. Trotzdem können auch diese Patienten unter einer engmaschigen Kontrolle der Symptome konservativ behandelt werden. 8
Spezifisch mit schwerwiegenden Erkrankungen – Ca. 1 – 2% der Fälle
Die seltenste Ursache hinter Nackenschmerzen sind ernsthafte Erkrankungen, welchen einen medizinischen Behandlungsbedarf oder weitere Untersuchungen bedarf. Trotzdem sollte an dieser Stelle nochmals betont werden, dass es nur sehr selten vorkommt. 8
Manche Autoren führen noch zwei weitere Unterteilungen an:
- Traumatisch. In den meisten Fällen durch ein sogenanntes „Schleuder Trauma“ ausgelöst. Ein Schleuder Trauma beschreibt, dass plötzliche nach vor und hinten bewegen des Kopfes während des Aufpralls bei einem Verkehrsunfall. 8
- Nicht-traumatisch. Darunter fallen die Punkte von unspezifischen und spezifischen Nackenschmerzen mit neurologischen Symptomen. Nur gibt es kein auslösendes Ereignis, welches die Beschwerden ausgelöst hat.
Da Patienten mit unspezifischen Nackenschmerzen den größten Teil der Nackenschmerzpatienten ausmacht, werden wir uns, sofern nicht anders angegeben, auf diese Patientengruppe beziehen.
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